Neutron中的iptables

2013-11-19

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作为OpenStack中的网络组件,Neutron提供了面向租户的,L2-L7层的各种服务。作为一种实现原型,Neutron中的linuxbridge和openvswitch(两种plugin),以及其他一些高级服务,都尽可能借用了Linux自身的一些特性,来实现一些复杂的网络模型。其中,iptables功不可没。

iptables模型

下面是一张iptables的模型图,关于iptables的知识不属于本文的讲解范畴,请自行google之。

l3-agent

Provides L3/NAT forwarding to provide external network access for VMs on tenant networks。l3 agent接收来自plugin(H版中默认已经使用router service plugin)的RPC消息,来构建3层功能模型,主要处理Router和Floatingip资源对象模型。

当系统中的namespace打开时,一个l3 agent可以同时处理多个router,但需要注意的是,一个l3 agent只能处理一个external net上的routers。l3 agent在处理router时,会初始化一些iptables的配置。具体步骤如下:
1、针对ipv4和ipv6分别都有对应的表,但只有ipv4中有nat表,也说明了目前neutron至少在三层功能上不支持ipv6;
2、对filter表,增加一个链neutron-filter-top,规则:

-A FORWARD -j neutron-filter-top  
-A OUTPUT -j neutron-filter-top  

增加一个链neutron-l3-agent-local,规则:

-A neutron-filter-top -j neutron-l3-agent-local  

3、对系统中的内置链进行包装:
filter表中的三个链:INPUT, OUTPUT, FORWARD
nat表中的三个链:PREROUTING, OUTPUT, POSTROUTING
将到达原链的数据包转发到包装链。
4、对ipv4的nat表,增加一个链neutron-postrouting-bottom,规则:

-A POSTROUTING -j neutron-postrouting-bottom  

增加一个链neutron-l3-agent-snat,规则:

-A neutron-postrouting-bottom -j neutron-l3-agent-snat 

增加一个链neutron-l3-agent-float-snat,规则:

-A neutron-l3-agent-snat -j neutron-l3-agent-float-snat 

5、metadata proxy:
在ipv4的filter表增加规则:

-A neutron-l3-agent-INPUT -s 0.0.0.0/0 -d 127.0.0.1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 9697 -j ACCEPT 

在ipv4的nat表增加规则:

-A neutron-l3-agent-PREROUTING -s 0.0.0.0/0 -d 169.254.169.254/32 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j REDIRECT --to-port 9697

6、根据router中enable_snat属性,看是否有必要设置snat规则:
首先将neutron-l3-agent-POSTROUTING和neutron-l3-agent-snat链的规则清空,恢复如下规则:

-A neutron-l3-agent-snat -j neutron-l3-agent-float-snat

对IPv4的nat表设置:

-A neutron-l3-agent-POSTROUTING ! -i qg-XXX ! -o qg-XXX -m conntrack ! --ctstate DNAT -j ACCEPT   
-A neutron-l3-agent-snat -s XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX/XX -j SNAT --to-source XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX  

7、处理floatingip
在IPv4的nat表中增加规则:

-A neutron-l3-agent-PREROUTING -d <floatingip> -j DNAT --to <fixedip>  
-A neutron-l3-agent-OUTPUT -d <floatingip> -j DNAT --to <fixedip>   
-A neutron-l3-agent-float-snat -s <fixedip> -j SNAT --to <floatingip>

8、应用规则
iptables-save -c,获取当前所有iptables信息;
iptables-restore -c new_input,应用最新的iptables配置;

初始化之后,l3 agent节点上的iptables配置如下:

security group

目前在neutron中,实现安全组功能的plugin有:Nicira NVP, Open vSwitch, Linux Bridge, NEC, and Ryu。其中,linux bridge和ovs都使用了iptables来实现底层的安全组模型。

创建一个port时,可以指定port所属的安全组(若不指定,则加入默认的安全组),此时,因为系统中某个安全组有成员变化,所以需要通知到各个节点,传递这样一个信息:一些安全组中的成员有变化,如果你有对这些安全组的引用,请更新对应的iptables规则。对于linux bridge和ovs来说,需要由neutron l2 agent处理更新请求。

首先,l2 agent初始化时,在加载IptablesFirewallDriver时就会初始化一些iptables的配置。
在v4和v6都会增加自定义链,很多链的命名规则与l3 agent节点相似,此外会新增:
neutron-l2-agent-sg-fallback,默认丢弃所有包;
其次,l2 agent发现有新增设备(port)时,会调用plugin的security-group-rules-for-devices方法获取port的安全组规则信息(规则信息里面已经考虑了允许dhcp, address-pair, ),返回的信息比较全,包括了:

{
	id
	name
	network_id
	tenant_id
	mac_address
	admin_state_up
	status
	fixed_ips
	device_id
	device_owner
	security_groups
	security_group_rules:
		{
			security_group_id
			direction
			ethertype
			protocol
			port_range_min
			port_range_max
			source_ip_prefix/dest_ip_prefix
			remote_group_id
		}
	security_group_source_groups
	device
}

,然后重新配置本节点的iptables的filter表,主要关注INPUT和FORWARD链:
1、增加neutron-l2-agent-sg-chain链
2、每个port对应两条链(iX-XXXX和oX-XXXX),同时:

-A neutron-l2-agent-FORWARD -m physdev --physdev-out <port-id> --physdev-is-bridged -j neutron-l2-agent-sg-chain  
-A neutron-l2-agent-sg-chain -m physdev --physdev-out <port-id> --physdev-is-bridged -j iX-XXXX  
-A neutron-l2-agent-FORWARD -m physdev --physdev-in <port-id> --physdev-is-bridged -j neutron-l2-agent-sg-chain  
-A neutron-l2-agent-sg-chain -m physdev --physdev-in <port-id> --physdev-is-bridged -j oX-XXXX  
-A neutron-l2-agent-INPUT -m physdev --physdev-in <port-id> --physdev-is-bridged -j oX-XXXX  
-A iX-XXXX … -j RETURN  
-A iX-XXXX -j neutron-l2-agent-sg-fallback  
-A oX-XXXX … -j RETURN  
-A oX-XXXX -j neutron-l2-agent-sg-fallback  
-A neutron-l2-agent-sg-chain -j ACCEPT

引用《Iptables Security Group Implementation》中的截图:

举一个简单的例子。环境上信息如下:

root@C16-RH2285-01-openstack-controlor-H:~# nova list
+--------------------------------------+----------+--------+------------+-------------+--------------------------------+
| ID                                   | Name     | Status | Task State | Power State | Networks                       |
+--------------------------------------+----------+--------+------------+-------------+--------------------------------+
| abb62736-506e-45fb-ad40-1a8b2a76d314 | shz_vm01 | ACTIVE | None       | Running     | test=10.10.10.2, 200.200.128.3 |
+--------------------------------------+----------+--------+------------+-------------+--------------------------------+
root@C16-RH2285-01-openstack-controlor-H:~# neutron port-list -- --device_id=abb62736-506e-45fb-ad40-1a8b2a76d314
+--------------------------------------+------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| id                                   | name | mac_address       | fixed_ips                                                                         |
+--------------------------------------+------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 6bc18a88-9619-4fce-bf4e-49cae6df1715 |      | fa:16:3e:31:e3:11 | {"subnet_id": "e049dac2-dc76-4187-bf37-d0675ac44491", "ip_address": "10.10.10.2"} |
+--------------------------------------+------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
root@C16-RH2285-01-openstack-controlor-H:~# neutron port-show 6bc18a88-9619-4fce-bf4e-49cae6df1715
+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Field                 | Value                                                                             |
+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| admin_state_up        | True                                                                              |
| allowed_address_pairs |                                                                                   |
| binding:capabilities  | {"port_filter": true}                                                             |
| binding:host_id       | C17-T6000-S11-1-nova-compute-H                                                    |
| binding:vif_type      | ovs                                                                               |
| device_id             | abb62736-506e-45fb-ad40-1a8b2a76d314                                              |
| device_owner          | compute:nova                                                                      |
| extra_dhcp_opts       |                                                                                   |
| fixed_ips             | {"subnet_id": "e049dac2-dc76-4187-bf37-d0675ac44491", "ip_address": "10.10.10.2"} |
| id                    | 6bc18a88-9619-4fce-bf4e-49cae6df1715                                              |
| mac_address           | fa:16:3e:31:e3:11                                                                 |
| name                  |                                                                                   |
| network_id            | 46e11e98-0275-4a54-ac1a-bd1c71308be7                                              |
| security_groups       | f01c3cea-31f7-4659-ae14-eb7e97af2175                                              |
| status                | ACTIVE                                                                            |
| tenant_id             | 1b6e214ab4594fd9b57017fa0af0ff62                                                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
root@C16-RH2285-01-openstack-controlor-H:~# neutron security-group-show f01c3cea-31f7-4659-ae14-eb7e97af2175
+----------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Field                | Value                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
+----------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| description          | default                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
| id                   | f01c3cea-31f7-4659-ae14-eb7e97af2175                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
| name                 | default                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
| security_group_rules | {"remote_group_id": null, "direction": "egress", "remote_ip_prefix": null, "protocol": null, "tenant_id": "1b6e214ab4594fd9b57017fa0af0ff62", "port_range_max": null, "security_group_id": "f01c3cea-31f7-4659-ae14-eb7e97af2175", "port_range_min": null, "ethertype": "IPv6", "id": "097570bf-16e2-4dcc-8cfc-77a6407dc952"}                                    |
|                      | {"remote_group_id": null, "direction": "ingress", "remote_ip_prefix": "0.0.0.0/0", "protocol": "tcp", "tenant_id": "1b6e214ab4594fd9b57017fa0af0ff62", "port_range_max": 65535, "security_group_id": "f01c3cea-31f7-4659-ae14-eb7e97af2175", "port_range_min": 1, "ethertype": "IPv4", "id": "2bf104fc-7f08-4de1-afdf-ee6ad175b16b"}                             |
|                      | {"remote_group_id": null, "direction": "egress", "remote_ip_prefix": null, "protocol": null, "tenant_id": "1b6e214ab4594fd9b57017fa0af0ff62", "port_range_max": null, "security_group_id": "f01c3cea-31f7-4659-ae14-eb7e97af2175", "port_range_min": null, "ethertype": "IPv4", "id": "30e7ae12-28e9-42a8-a004-3382b9a204ca"}                                    |
|                      | {"remote_group_id": "f01c3cea-31f7-4659-ae14-eb7e97af2175", "direction": "ingress", "remote_ip_prefix": null, "protocol": null, "tenant_id": "1b6e214ab4594fd9b57017fa0af0ff62", "port_range_max": null, "security_group_id": "f01c3cea-31f7-4659-ae14-eb7e97af2175", "port_range_min": null, "ethertype": "IPv4", "id": "692482b7-6842-46bf-b234-1b005387be30"} |
|                      | {"remote_group_id": "f01c3cea-31f7-4659-ae14-eb7e97af2175", "direction": "ingress", "remote_ip_prefix": null, "protocol": null, "tenant_id": "1b6e214ab4594fd9b57017fa0af0ff62", "port_range_max": null, "security_group_id": "f01c3cea-31f7-4659-ae14-eb7e97af2175", "port_range_min": null, "ethertype": "IPv6", "id": "7433cfaf-3fba-45a4-a00f-32378588ae0f"} |
|                      | {"remote_group_id": null, "direction": "ingress", "remote_ip_prefix": "0.0.0.0/0", "protocol": "icmp", "tenant_id": "1b6e214ab4594fd9b57017fa0af0ff62", "port_range_max": null, "security_group_id": "f01c3cea-31f7-4659-ae14-eb7e97af2175", "port_range_min": null, "ethertype": "IPv4", "id": "9319c51b-a21d-4872-b5bc-5e6d084eed5c"}                          |
| tenant_id            | 1b6e214ab4594fd9b57017fa0af0ff62  

登录到虚拟机所在的节点,查看iptables规则(主要关注filter表):

*filter
:INPUT ACCEPT [1247508:199602603]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [60:7484]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [1460711:279980783]
:neutron-filter-top - [0:0]
:neutron-openvswi-FORWARD - [0:0]
:neutron-openvswi-INPUT - [0:0]
:neutron-openvswi-OUTPUT - [0:0]
:neutron-openvswi-i6bc18a88-9 - [0:0]
:neutron-openvswi-local - [0:0]
:neutron-openvswi-o6bc18a88-9 - [0:0]
:neutron-openvswi-s6bc18a88-9 - [0:0]
:neutron-openvswi-sg-chain - [0:0]
:neutron-openvswi-sg-fallback - [0:0]
-A INPUT -j neutron-openvswi-INPUT
-A FORWARD -j neutron-filter-top
-A FORWARD -j neutron-openvswi-FORWARD
-A OUTPUT -j neutron-filter-top
-A OUTPUT -j neutron-openvswi-OUTPUT
-A neutron-filter-top -j neutron-openvswi-local
-A neutron-openvswi-FORWARD -m physdev --physdev-out tap6bc18a88-96 --physdev-is-bridged -j neutron-openvswi-sg-chain
-A neutron-openvswi-FORWARD -m physdev --physdev-in tap6bc18a88-96 --physdev-is-bridged -j neutron-openvswi-sg-chain
-A neutron-openvswi-INPUT -m physdev --physdev-in tap6bc18a88-96 --physdev-is-bridged -j neutron-openvswi-o6bc18a88-9
-A neutron-openvswi-i6bc18a88-9 -m state --state INVALID -j DROP
-A neutron-openvswi-i6bc18a88-9 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j RETURN
-A neutron-openvswi-i6bc18a88-9 -p tcp -m tcp -m multiport --dports 1:65535 -j RETURN
-A neutron-openvswi-i6bc18a88-9 -p icmp -j RETURN
-A neutron-openvswi-i6bc18a88-9 -s 10.10.10.3/32 -p udp -m udp --sport 67 --dport 68 -j RETURN
-A neutron-openvswi-i6bc18a88-9 -j neutron-openvswi-sg-fallback
-A neutron-openvswi-o6bc18a88-9 -p udp -m udp --sport 68 --dport 67 -j RETURN
-A neutron-openvswi-o6bc18a88-9 -j neutron-openvswi-s6bc18a88-9
-A neutron-openvswi-o6bc18a88-9 -p udp -m udp --sport 67 --dport 68 -j DROP
-A neutron-openvswi-o6bc18a88-9 -m state --state INVALID -j DROP
-A neutron-openvswi-o6bc18a88-9 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j RETURN
-A neutron-openvswi-o6bc18a88-9 -j RETURN
-A neutron-openvswi-o6bc18a88-9 -j neutron-openvswi-sg-fallback
-A neutron-openvswi-s6bc18a88-9 -s 10.10.10.2/32 -m mac --mac-source FA:16:3E:31:E3:11 -j RETURN
-A neutron-openvswi-s6bc18a88-9 -j DROP
-A neutron-openvswi-sg-chain -m physdev --physdev-out tap6bc18a88-96 --physdev-is-bridged -j neutron-openvswi-i6bc18a88-9
-A neutron-openvswi-sg-chain -m physdev --physdev-in tap6bc18a88-96 --physdev-is-bridged -j neutron-openvswi-o6bc18a88-9
-A neutron-openvswi-sg-chain -j ACCEPT
-A neutron-openvswi-sg-fallback -j DROP
COMMIT

firewall as a service

既然有了安全组的功能,为什么还要firewall呢?下面引用自fwaas-spec-v0.1:

the security group rules lack the ability to express application characteristics which some of the next generation firewalls do. The Security Groups feature also does not support a workflow that allows providers to publish a collection of audited rules, and which a tenant can choose to apply in his network (say for security compliance reasons). In general, the Security Groups feature is Quantum port-centric which does not address the need to manage and leverage the richer security features provided by an edge Firewall service.

firewall功能借用了l3 agent来实现,当前firewall有两种实现:Linux Iptables和varmour,这里仅关注Linux。创建firewall时,会对租户的所有router关联的iptables规则进行配置,firewall在接口和操作上同时支持IPv4和IPv6。要使用firewall功能最好启用namespace,否则就失去了面向租户的意义。即:一个租户可以创建firewall,来限制他的所有network中的设备的数据通信。
1、首先移除与firewall相关联的链;
2、在filter表增加链neutron-l3-agent-fwaas-default-policy及规则:
-A neutron-l3-agent-fwaas-default-policy -j DROP
3、操作filter表
增加链:neutron-l3-agent-iv4XXXXXXXX-XXXX(XXX为firewall的ID),和规则:

-A neutron-l3-agent-iv4XXXXXXXX-XXXX -m state --state INVALID -j DROP  
-A neutron-l3-agent-iv4XXXXXXXX-XXXX -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT  
-A neutron-l3-agent-iv4XXXXXXXX-XXXX … -j ACCEPT/DROP  

增加链:neutron-l3-agent-ov4XXXXXXXX-XXXX,和规则:

-A neutron-l3-agent-ov4XXXXXXXX-XXXX -m state --state INVALID -j DROP  
-A neutron-l3-agent-ov4XXXXXXXX-XXXX -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT  
-A neutron-l3-agent-ov4XXXXXXXX-XXXX … -j ACCEPT/DROP  

4、设置其他规则

-A neutron-l3-agent-FORWARD -i qr-+ -j neutron-l3-agent-iv4XXXXXXXX-XXXX  
-A neutron-l3-agent-FORWARD -o qr-+ -j neutron-l3-agent-ov4XXXXXXXX-XXXX  
-A neutron-l3-agent-FORWARD -o qr-+ -j neutron-l3-agent-fwaas-default-policy  
-A neutron-l3-agent-FORWARD -i qr-+ -j neutron-l3-agent-fwaas-default-policy  

可见,目前firewall的实现是在每个租户所拥有的路由的边缘进行iptables配置,关注filter表的FORWARD链,后续的I版可能会推出Zone的概念。

我们举个简单例子更能说明问题。假设系统中租户有一个虚拟机abb62736-506e-45fb-ad40-1a8b2a76d314,对应的port-id:6bc18a88-9619-4fce-bf4e-49cae6df1715,fixedip:10.10.10.2,floatingip:200.200.128.3,登录虚拟机内对floatingip所在的域内任意存在的IP地址进行ping操作,可以ping通。然后,租户创建firewall,禁止所有的icmp数据包,步骤如下:

root@C16-RH2285-01-openstack-controlor-H:~# neutron firewall-rule-create --protocol icmp --action deny
Created a new firewall_rule:
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Field                  | Value                                |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| action                 | deny                                 |
| description            |                                      |
| destination_ip_address |                                      |
| destination_port       |                                      |
| enabled                | True                                 |
| firewall_policy_id     |                                      |
| id                     | 138cd8cd-b83d-433e-b673-9c8af3109c74 |
| ip_version             | 4                                    |
| name                   |                                      |
| position               |                                      |
| protocol               | icmp                                 |
| shared                 | False                                |
| source_ip_address      |                                      |
| source_port            |                                      |
| tenant_id              | 1b6e214ab4594fd9b57017fa0af0ff62     |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+
root@C16-RH2285-01-openstack-controlor-H:~# neutron firewall-policy-create --firewall-rules 138cd8cd-b83d-433e-b673-9c8af3109c74 kong_test_policy
Created a new firewall_policy:
+----------------+--------------------------------------+
| Field          | Value                                |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+
| audited        | False                                |
| description    |                                      |
| firewall_rules | 138cd8cd-b83d-433e-b673-9c8af3109c74 |
| id             | 77ea7104-557c-47bb-9b2f-810d70897c43 |
| name           | kong_test_policy                     |
| shared         | False                                |
| tenant_id      | 1b6e214ab4594fd9b57017fa0af0ff62     |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+
root@C16-RH2285-01-openstack-controlor-H:~# neutron firewall-create  77ea7104-557c-47bb-9b2f-810d70897c43
Created a new firewall:
+--------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Field              | Value                                |
+--------------------+--------------------------------------+
| admin_state_up     | True                                 |
| description        |                                      |
| firewall_policy_id | 77ea7104-557c-47bb-9b2f-810d70897c43 |
| id                 | 80daec7b-8167-459e-b915-da02832a248b |
| name               |                                      |
| status             | PENDING_CREATE                       |
| tenant_id          | 1b6e214ab4594fd9b57017fa0af0ff62     |
+--------------------+--------------------------------------+
root@C16-RH2285-01-openstack-controlor-H:~# neutron firewall-show 80daec7b-8167-459e-b915-da02832a248b
+--------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Field              | Value                                |
+--------------------+--------------------------------------+
| admin_state_up     | True                                 |
| description        |                                      |
| firewall_policy_id | 77ea7104-557c-47bb-9b2f-810d70897c43 |
| id                 | 80daec7b-8167-459e-b915-da02832a248b |
| name               |                                      |
| status             | ACTIVE                               |
| tenant_id          | 1b6e214ab4594fd9b57017fa0af0ff62     |
+--------------------+--------------------------------------+

执行上述步骤之后,在登录虚拟机内ping同样的IP地址,发现已经不通了。登录l3-agent所在节点,在对应的namespace内查看iptables规则(仅关注filter表):

root@network-H:~# ip netns exec qrouter-b4124c09-680e-4427-b758-767c8ffe794b iptables-save
# Generated by iptables-save v1.4.12 on Tue Oct 29 05:55:51 2013
*filter
:INPUT ACCEPT [236:61046]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [84:10200]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [31:2396]
:neutron-filter-top - [0:0]
:neutron-l3-agent-FORWARD - [0:0]
:neutron-l3-agent-INPUT - [0:0]
:neutron-l3-agent-OUTPUT - [0:0]
:neutron-l3-agent-fwaas-defau - [0:0]
:neutron-l3-agent-iv480daec7b - [0:0]
:neutron-l3-agent-local - [0:0]
:neutron-l3-agent-ov480daec7b - [0:0]
-A INPUT -j neutron-l3-agent-INPUT
-A FORWARD -j neutron-filter-top
-A FORWARD -j neutron-l3-agent-FORWARD
-A OUTPUT -j neutron-filter-top
-A OUTPUT -j neutron-l3-agent-OUTPUT
-A neutron-filter-top -j neutron-l3-agent-local
-A neutron-l3-agent-FORWARD -o qr-+ -j neutron-l3-agent-iv480daec7b
-A neutron-l3-agent-FORWARD -i qr-+ -j neutron-l3-agent-ov480daec7b
-A neutron-l3-agent-FORWARD -o qr-+ -j neutron-l3-agent-fwaas-defau
-A neutron-l3-agent-FORWARD -i qr-+ -j neutron-l3-agent-fwaas-defau
-A neutron-l3-agent-INPUT -d 127.0.0.1/32 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 8775 -j ACCEPT
-A neutron-l3-agent-fwaas-defau -j DROP
-A neutron-l3-agent-iv480daec7b -m state --state INVALID -j DROP
-A neutron-l3-agent-iv480daec7b -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A neutron-l3-agent-iv480daec7b -p icmp -j DROP
-A neutron-l3-agent-ov480daec7b -m state --state INVALID -j DROP
-A neutron-l3-agent-ov480daec7b -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A neutron-l3-agent-ov480daec7b -p icmp -j DROP

总结

随着Neutron中的高级服务越来越多,也许每个节点(特别是网络节点)上的iptables规则会越来越复杂,定位一个网络问题的时间成本也会随之增加。但iptables作为Linux内核默认提供的功能,是可以满足一些简单场景的要求的,同时也对快速部署提供了可能性。当然,我想这是大部分网络厂商的机会,大家可以在自有产品之上提供自己的实现,借助OpenStack,来带动自身产品的销售,甚至可以提供Neutron没有的功能作为差异化特性,提升自己的竞争力。Linux bridge和openvSwitch(乃至后面的ML2)其实是提供一种参考实现,大家在实现自己Plugin或Driver的同时,其实是有大把的现成的代码可以拷贝的,:)

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